[5] Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo, Louverture switched his allegiance to the French when the new Republican government abolished slavery. Some writers think the name referred to a gap between his front teeth. Louverture is now known as the "Father of Haiti.". [10] He died in prison on 7 April 1803. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [98] Although Louverture continued to protest his loyalty to the French government, he had expelled a second government representative from the territory and was about to negotiate another autonomous agreement with one of France's enemies. Unlike Jean-Francois and Bissaou, Louverture refused to round up enslaved women and children to sell to the Spanish. La Révolution française et le problème colonial, Paris, 1961, p. 248. ", — 2012. [131], Leclerc originally asked Dessalines to arrest Louverture, but he declined. [24] He had initially been responsible for the livestock. [67], Throughout 1795 and 1796, Louverture was also concerned with re-establishing agriculture and exports, and keeping the peace in areas under his control. [citation needed] Although Vodou was generally practiced on Saint-Domingue in combination with Catholicism, little is known for certain if Louverture had any connection with it. [73], A few weeks after Louverture's triumph over the Villate insurrection, France's representatives of the third commission arrived in Saint-Domingue. [86] Louverture knew that he had asserted his authority to such an extent that the French government might well suspect him of seeking independence. And even upon these ashes, I will fight you. Toussaint divined his purpose and forced Hédouville to flee. College Classique Toussaint Louverture de St Marc, Saint-Marc, Haiti. Toussaint was homely, short, and small framed. The most serious of these was the mulatto commander Jean-Louis Villatte, based in Cap-Français. Legally freed in 1776, he married and had two sons. [20] Legal documents signed on Louverture's behalf between 1778 and 1781 suggest that he could not write at that time. He had made covert overtures to General Laveaux prior but was rebuffed as Louverture's conditions for alliance were deemed unacceptable. 25 … In 1802, he was invited to a parley by French Divisional General Jean-Baptiste Brunet, but was arrested upon his arrival. Charles Forsdick and Christian Høgsbjerg. General Jean-Jacques Dessalines did the same shortly later. The two sons born of his marriage with Suzanne were Isaac and Saint-Jean. To Louverture, they were bearers of useful skills and knowledge, and he wanted them back. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St. Domingue. Standing steadfastly, he fought to … With Hédouville gone, Louverture sent Joseph Bunel to negotiate with the administration of John Adams. [77][78], Sonthonax, a fervent revolutionary and fierce supporter of racial equality, soon rivalled Louverture in popularity. The name is sometimes attributed to French commissioner Polverel's exclamation: "That man makes an opening everywhere". A purge that was carried out by Jean-Jacques Dessalines in the south was so brutal that reconciliation with the mulattoes was impossible. [22]:62 He appeared to have an important role on the Bréda plantation until the outbreak of the revolution, presumably as a salaried employee who contributed to the daily functions of the plantation. [88] In November 1797, Louverture wrote again to the Directoire, assuring them of his loyalty, but reminding them firmly that abolition must be maintained. Corrections? [6] Although Louverture did not sever ties with France in 1800 after defeating leaders among the Haitian mulatto population, he promulgated an autonomous constitution for the colony in 1801, which named him as Governor-General for Life, even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes.[7]. However, a letter from Toussaint to General Laveaux confirms that he was already fighting officially on the behalf of the French by 18 May 1794. Racial tensions were eased because Toussaint preached reconciliation and believed that Blacks, a majority of whom were African born, had to learn from Europeans and Europeanized mulattoes. Approximately 150 men were killed and much of the populace forced to flee. [118] Louverture was not willing to compromise Catholicism for Vodou, the dominant faith among former slaves. "Toussaint Louverture: helping Bordeaux come to terms with its slave trade past" (part 1), "Vie et mort du général Toussaint-Louverture selon les dossiers conservés au Service Historique de la Défense, Château de Vincennes", "Le portrait du juge idéal selon Noël du Fail dans les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel", "Happy as a Slave: The Toussaint Louverture miniseries", The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography by J. R. Beard, 1863. Napoleon's troops, under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Emmanuel Leclerc, were directed to seize control of the island by diplomatic means, proclaiming peaceful intentions, and keep secret his orders to deport all black officers. [30][31] In August 1791, a Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman marked the start of a major slave rebellion in the north, which had the largest plantations and enslaved population. In 1793 he added to his original name the name of Louverture; the name’s exact significance is unknown, but its meaning in French, “opening,” may have referred to his tactical ability as a military commander. [130], Jean-Jacques Dessalines was at least partially responsible for Louverture's arrest, as asserted by several authors, including Louverture's son, Isaac. Napoleon himself would later be exiled to Elba after his 1814 abdication. [79][80] They strongly disagreed about accepting the return of the white planters who had fled Saint-Domingue at the start of the revolution. He dressed simply and was abstemious and a vegetarian. By 1795 Toussaint Louverture was widely renowned. Knowing that France had no chance of restoring colonialism as long as the war with England continued, Hédouville attempted to pit against Toussaint the mulatto leader André Rigaud, who ruled a semi-independent state in the south. Timoléon C. Brutus fut le Ministre des Affaires Étrangères d'Haïti sous la présidence de Jean Dumarsais Estimé de 1948 à 1949.. Historien. On 22 May 1802, after Dessalines learned that Louverture had failed to instruct a local rebel leader to lay down his arms per the recent ceasefire agreement, he immediately wrote to Leclerc to denounce Louverture's conduct as "extraordinary". The eldest, Placide, was probably adopted by Louverture and is generally thought to have been Suzanne's first child, fathered by Seraphim Le Clerc, a mulatto. I am working to make that happen. Lleonart failed to support Louverture in March 1794 during his feud with Biassou, who had been stealing supplies for Louverture's men and selling their families as slaves. Toussaint Louverture est interrogé par le général Auguste Caffarelli sur son rôle à Saint-Domingue, également sur un hypothétique trésor. [107] Louverture delegated most of the campaign to his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who became infamous, during and after the war, for massacring mulatto captives and civilians. [115] Despite his protestations to the contrary, the former slaves feared that he might restore slavery. Louverture's sons and their tutor had been sent from France to accompany the expedition with this end in mind and were now sent to present Napoleon's proclamation to Louverture. [71] In 1796 Villate drummed up popular support by accusing the French authorities of plotting a return to slavery. All men are born, live and die free and French. The most common explanation is that it refers to his ability to create openings in battle. After hesitating a few weeks, he helped his former master escape and then joined the Black forces who were burning plantations and killing many Europeans and mulattoes (people of mixed African and European ancestry). Brown and his band captured citizens, and for a small time the federal armory and arsenal there. [13][14]:26–7 Louverture's family traditions name his grandfather as Gaou Guinou, a son of the King of Allada. James claimed that upon learning of the emancipation decree in May 1794, Louverture decided to join the French in June. Louverture accused Rigaud of trying to assassinate him to gain power over Saint-Domingue. [63] On the other hand, he was able to pool his 4,000 men with Laveaux's troops in joint actions. Surviving legal documents show him renting a small coffee plantation that was worked by a dozen of his own slaves. [11] Though his birth date is uncertain — with various sources placing the date between 1739 and 1746 — his name suggests that he was born on All Saints' Day: 1 November. Several aspects of the constitution were damaging to France: the absence of provision for French government officials, the lack of trade advantages, and Louverture's breach of protocol in publishing the constitution before submitting it to the French government. Aimé Césaire, Toussaint Louverture. [108] The number of deaths is contested: the contemporary French general François Joseph Pamphile de Lacroix suggested 10,000 deaths, while the twentieth-century Trinidadian historian C.L.R. Philippe Girard, "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint L'Ouverture's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States", "Constitution de la colonie français de Saint-Domingue", Le Cap, 1801, Philippe Girard, "Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803,", McLemee, Scott. [citation needed], John Brown claimed influence by Louverture in his plans to invade Harpers Ferry. [32][33] Surviving documents show him participating in the leadership of the rebellion, discussing strategy, and negotiating with the Spanish supporters of the rebellion for supplies. Villatte was thought to be somewhat racist toward black soldiers such as Louverture and planned to ally with André Rigaud, a free man of colour, after overthrowing French General Étienne Laveaux. Louverture is thought to have been born into slavery on the plantation of Bréda at Haut de Cap in Saint-Domingue in the early 1740s. Boston University Libraries. Mémoires du général Toussaint L'Ouverture, écrits par lui-même ... précédés d'une étude historique et critique ... avec un appendice contenant les opinions de l'empéreur Napoléon Ier sur les événements de Saint-Domingue: Auteur: Toussaint Louverture: Éditeur: … [56] Remaining distrustful of the black commander, Lleonart housed his wife and children whilst Louverture led an attack on Dondon in early May, an act which Lleonart later believed confirmed Louverture's decision to turn against the Spanish. He hoped to use the occasion to present the rebellion's demands to the colonial assembly, but they refused to meet. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Lycée professionnel Toussaint Louverture. [36], Throughout 1792, as a leader in an increasingly formal alliance between the black rebellion and the Spanish, Louverture ran the fortified post of La Tannerie and maintained the Cordon de l'Ouest, a line of posts between rebel and colonial territory. In March 1801, Louverture appointed a constitutional assembly, composed chiefly of white planters, to draft a constitution for Saint-Domingue. He now controlled the entire island. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. ), The inscription is opposite a wall inscription, also installed in 1998, honoring Louis Delgrès, a mulatto military leader in Guadeloupe who died leading the resistance against Napoleonic reoccupation and re-institution of slavery on that island. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue. "C.L.R. During the nineteenth century African Americans referred to Louverture as an example of how to reach freedom.[140]. [35] The prisoners were released after further negotiations and escorted to Le Cap by Louverture. Though he worked well with Laveaux, Toussaint eased him out in 1796. Savor/Toussaint l'Overture by Santana (Track 6, Disc 2, from "Moonflower" - 1977) [101], In 1799, the tensions between Louverture and Rigaud came to a head. [note 2] In the later twentieth century, discovery of a marriage certificate dated 1777 documents that he was freed in 1776 at the age of 33. Toussaint L'Ouverture by Wendell Phillips (hardcover edition, published in English, French and Kreyòl Ayisyen). [124] Meanwhile, Louverture was preparing for defense and ensuring discipline. Among them was Sonthonax, the commissioner who had previously declared abolition of slavery on the same day as Louverture's proclamation of Camp Turel. Mail [48] Initially, this failed, perhaps because Louverture and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was exceeding his authority. Louverture's memoirs, however, suggest that Brunet's troops had been provocative, leading Louverture to seek a discussion with him. The area had been less developed and populated than the French section. En raison de la crise sanitaire, cette date est susceptible d'être modifiée ou supprimée. [102] The conflict was complicated by racial overtones that escalated tensions between full blacks and mulattoes. biographiques sur Toussaint Louverture. On peut également les utiliser indépendamment dans le cadre de April 2003. On 20 March, he succeeded in capturing the French Governor Laveaux, and appointed himself Governor. Suspicions began to brew that it might reconsider the abolition of slavery. [66] Louverture also made inroads against the British presence, but was unable to oust them from Saint-Marc. It made him governor-general for life with near absolute powers and the possibility of choosing his successor. 2009. He soon discerned the ineptitude of the rebel leaders and scorned their willingness to compromise with European radicals. "Toussaint L'Ouverture.". Louverture was noted for opening the warehouses to the public, proving that they were empty of the chains that residents feared had been imported to prepare for a return to slavery. Suggested causes of death include exhaustion, malnutrition, apoplexy, pneumonia, and possibly tuberculosis. [84][85], On reaching France, Sonthonax countered by accusing Louverture of royalist, counter-revolutionary, and pro-independence tendencies. [64] By now his officers included men who were to remain important throughout the revolution: his brother Paul, his nephew Moïse, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and Henri Christophe. Louverture gradually established control over the whole island and used his political and military influence to gain dominance over his rivals. Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toussaint_Louverture&oldid=1021281514, Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Davis, David Brion. Mémoires du général Toussaint L'Ouverture, écrits par lui-même ... précédés d'une étude historique et critique ... avec un appendice contenant les opinions de l'empéreur Napoléon Ier sur les événements de Saint-Domingue. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Despite his disapproval, Vincent attempted to submit the constitution to Napoleon but was briefly exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba for his pains. On 29 August 1793 he made his famous declaration of Camp Turel to the blacks of St. Domingue: Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my name has made itself known to you. James claimed there were only a few hundred deaths. [58] It is argued by Ardouin that Toussaint was indifferent toward black freedom, concerned primarily for his own safety and resentful over his treatment by the Spanish – leading him to officially join the French 4 May 1794 when he raised the republican flag over Gonaïves. Another of Louverture's concerns was to manage potential rivals for power within the French part of the colony. As a revolutionary leader, Louverture's military and political acumen helped transform the fledgling slave rebellion into a revolutionary movement. Accordingly, he was probably about 50 at the start of the revolution in 1791. On 29 August 1954, the Haitian ambassador to France, Léon Thébaud, inaugurated a stone cross memorial for Toussaint Louverture at the foot of Fort-de-Joux. Knighted and recognized as a general, Toussaint demonstrated extraordinary military ability and attracted such renowned warriors as his nephew Moïse and two future monarchs of Haiti, Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henry Christophe. Toussaint Louverture led a successful slave revolt and emancipated the slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti). ", Louverture's plan in case of war was to burn the coastal cities and as much of the plains as possible, retreat with his troops into the inaccessible mountains, and wait for yellow fever to decimate the French. Other officers believed Napoleon's diplomatic proclamation, while some attempted resistance instead of burning and retreating.[128]. "[17][23], In 1782, Louverture married Suzanne Simone Baptiste, who is thought to have been his cousin or the daughter of his godfather. On 6 May 1802, Louverture rode into Cap-Français and negotiated an acknowledgement of Leclerc's authority in return for amnesty for him and his remaining generals. He contained them by resorting to guerilla tactics. I have undertaken vengeance. He promulgated the Constitution on 7 July 1801, officially establishing his authority over the entire island of Hispaniola. Hoping to create a rivalry that would diminish Louverture's power, Hédouville displayed a strong preference for Rigaud, and an aversion to Louverture. Although he slept little, his energy and capacity for work were astonishing. When France and Spain went to war in 1793, the Black commanders joined the Spaniards of Santo Domingo, the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic). [39], Some time in 1792–93, he adopted the surname Louverture, from the French word for "opening" or "the one who opened the way". "[133], The ships reached France on 2 July 1802 and, on 25 August, Louverture was imprisoned at Fort-de-Joux in Doubs. Toussaint Louverture Page 15 sur 50 - Environ 500 essais Mercatique ... permis de rappeler qu’il était souhaitable de commencer le travail de réflexion sur les sous-thèmes et sujets d’étude avant les vacances de la Toussaint afin de pouvoir terminer le travail au plus tard début janvier. He was a fervent Roman Catholic, opposed to Vodou (Voodoo). [41], Despite adhering to royalist views, Louverture began to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution. Either way, Louverture had a letter, in which Brunet described himself as a "sincere friend", to take with him to France. Louverture decided instead to work with Phillipe Roume, a member of the third commission who had been posted to the Spanish parts of the colony. He was adored by Blacks and appreciated by most Europeans and mulattoes, for he did much to restore the economy. 1804 Après deux ans de combats incessants, l’expédition française, affaiblie par la fièvre jaune, très éprouvée par la guérilla de tout un peuple, est vaincue. 7h am 1h pm /1h pm 7h pm Direct. [95] In August, Louverture and Maitland signed treaties for the evacuation of the remaining British troops.
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