Constant uncertainty and the inability to plan are the results for Palestinians of the Israeli military rules governing their movements. [142][143], As of the early-21st century, the economy of the Palestinian territories is chronically depressed, with unemployment rates constantly over 20% since 2000 (19% in the West Bank in first half of 2013). The founding of Palestinian universities has greatly increased education levels among the population in the West Bank. During the Mandate period Britain had no right of sovereignty, which was held by the people under the mandate. The Israeli settlements were, on the other hand, administered subsequently as Judea and Samaria Area directly by Israel. UN Security Council Resolution 242 followed, calling for withdrawal (return to the 1949 armistice lines) from territories occupied in the conflict in exchange for peace and mutual recognition. [i], A large number of embankments, concrete slabs and barriers impeded movement on primary and secondary roads. George Washington University. Area B (approximately 28%) is subject to joint Israeli-Palestinian military and Palestinian civil control. This is more than twice the length of Israel’s border with the West Bank, as the wall snakes deep inside the West Bank to encompass many Israeli settlements on the western side. Predictably, it was the photo negative of Allon's. The future status of the West Bank, together with the Gaza Strip on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the 2002 Road Map for Peace, proposed by the "Quartet" comprising the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations, envisions an independent Palestinian state in these territories living side by side with Israel (see also proposals for a Palestinian state). [209] Even before the Al Aqsa Intifada, UNFPA estimated that 20% of pregnant West Bank women were unable to access prenatal care because of the difficulties and delays caused by crossing checkpoints, and dozens were forced to deliver their children on the roadside. [j] Ramallah was cut off from all of its feeder villages in 2000. [citation needed] The analogous Transjordan (literally "on the other side of the River Jordan") has historically been used to designate the region now roughly comprising the state of Jordan, which lies to the east of the Jordan River. Based on 1967 figures, the Palestinian Dead Sea Coastline is roughly 40 km in length, of which 15% (6 kilometres) could lend itself to the same tourist infrastructure developed by Jordan and Israel in their respective areas. If Israel annexed them, it would encircle any future Palestinian state in the West Bank. The state did undertake not to open more quarries. The Oslo Accords, signed between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel, created administrative districts with varying levels of Palestinian autonomy within each area. [59] The international community regards the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as territories occupied by Israel. King Abdullah of Jordan had been crowned King of Jerusalem by the Coptic Bishop on 15 November 1948. [241], This article is about the geographic region. 26 branches of 8 Arab banks were present. [152] At the same time 90–95% of Palestinian wastewater was not treated, with only 1 of 4 Israeli plants built in the 1970s to that purpose functioning, and the neglect to improve the infrastructure is attributed to Israeli budgetary problems. [21][22], Many refugees continued to live in camps and relied on UNRWA assistance for sustenance. [2], It has been said that for "Jewish settlers, roads connect; for Palestinians, they separate. When finished, the wall, along with Israeli settlements, Israeli-only highways, closed military zones, and “nature reserves” are projected to cover 46% of the occupied West Bank, effectively annexing it to Israel. The 1949 Armistice Agreements defined the interim boundary between Israel and Jordan (essentially reflecting the battlefield after the war). [2] The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, illegal under international law, though Israel disputes this. British and Arab commercial banks operating in the West Bank were closed down soon after Israel assumed power there. Her small Bedouin hamlet is one of seven Palestinian communities that make up the Barta’a enclave, located between the Barrier and the 1949 Armistice Line (‘Green Line’), and now physically separated from the remainder of the West Bank. ", 'sacrifice zone is a geographic area that has become irrevocably impaired by environmental damage or economic neglect. [citation needed] B'Tselem, Israel's leading independent human rights organization for monitoring human rights in the West Bank, has observed that "any transfer of waste to the West Bank is a breach of international law which Israel is dutybound to uphold" because according to international law "an occupied territory or its resources may not be used for the benefit of the occupying power’s own needs. Akkaba, (population 345), is a village in the Tulkarm governorate in the northern West Bank. It demands that Israel stop such activity and fulfill its obligations as an occupying power under the Fourth Geneva Convention. After the 2007 split between Fatah and Hamas, the West Bank areas under Palestinian control are an exclusive part of the Palestinian Authority, while the Gaza Strip is ruled by Hamas. [36] Israel had no overall approach for integrating the West Bank:[c], The early occupation set severe limits on public investment and comprehensive development programmes in the territories. The neo-Latin name Cisjordan or Cis-Jordan (literally "on this side of the River Jordan") is the usual name for the territory in the Romance languages and Hungarian. In 1966, 43% of the labor force of 55,000 worked in agriculture, and 2,300 km2 were under cultivation. Our mission is to provide our customers the highest quality of service. [20] Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and East Jerusalem were granted Jordanian citizenship and half of the Jordanian Parliament seats. In International law drawing on the Hague Conventions (Article 55), it is established that an occupying power may reap some value from the resources of the country occupied but not deplete its assets, and that the usufruct must benefit the people under occupation. [171], Based on the number of quarries per km2 in Areas A and B, it is calculated that, were Israel to lift restrictions, a further 275 quarries could be opened in Area C. The World Bank estimates that Israel's virtual ban on issuing Palestinians permits for quarries there costs the Palestinian economy at least US$241 million per year. Among those most commonly cited have been: The importance of demographic concerns to some significant figures in Israel's leadership was illustrated when Avraham Burg, a former Knesset Speaker and former chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel, wrote in The Guardian in September 2003, As of 2017, more than 620,000 Israelis live in over 200 settlements in the West Bank. 24,000) is a Palestinian neighbourhood in the south east of Jerusalem. The resolution designated the territory described as "the hill country of Samaria and Judea"[13] (the area now known as the "West Bank") as part of the proposed Arab state, but following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War this area was captured by Transjordan[14] (renamed Jordan three years after independence in 1946). [2] The terrain is mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in the west, but somewhat barren in the east. Israel licenses eleven settlement quarries in the West Bank and they sell 94% of their material to Israel, which arguably constitutes "depletion" and pays royalties to its West Bank military government and settlement municipalities. [178], Albert Glock argued that Israel is responsible for the disappearance of significant parts of the Palestinian cultural patrimony, by confiscating Arab cultural resources. In English, the name Cisjordan is occasionally used to designate the entire region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, particularly in the historical context of the British Mandate and earlier times. According to the agreement, Israel has the right to independently inspect luggage and to maintain security. Israel's new West Bank 'border' A human rights report released Monday says Israeli settlements control 42 percent of West Bank. The elevation span between the shoreline of the Dead Sea at −408 m to the highest point at Mount Nabi Yunis, at 1,030 m (3,379 ft) above sea level. The Ministry says that occupied territories are territories captured in war from an established and recognized sovereign, and that since the West Bank wasn't under the legitimate and recognized sovereignty of any state prior to the Six-Day War, it shouldn't be considered an occupied territory. of Texas, Austin, A series of geopolitical maps of the West Bank, 1988 "Address to the Nation" by King Hussein of Jordan Ceding Jordanian Claims to the West Bank to the PLO, Camden Abu Dis Friendship Association – establishing links between the North London Borough of Camden and the town of Abu Dis in the West Bank, Map of Palestinian Refugee Camps 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. [citation needed] Of these 15 facilities, six process hazardous waste, including infectious medical waste, used oils and solvents, metals, batteries and electronic industry byproducts, and one facility that processes sewage sludge. At best drivers must wait for several hours for them to be returned, when, as can happen, the IDs themselves are lost as soldiers change shifts, in which case Palestinians are directed to some regional office the next day, and more checkpoints to get there. The photo used to illustrate "open borders" in "Biden's America'' actually shows the border between the West Bank and Israel. The Palestinian Authority was responsible for issuing passports to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Since 2002, Israel has been constructing a wall that stretches for more than 700 kilometres, annexing Palestinian land inside the occupied West Bank . The Palestinian Authority believes that the West Bank ought to be a part of their sovereign nation, and that the presence of Israeli military control is a violation of their right to Palestinian Authority rule. Israel's fence garnered international condemnation, but the outrage is a clear double standard - there is nothing new about the construction of a security fence. West Bank growth, compared to Gaza (3%), had lagged, due to the effect of mass emigration of West Bankers seeking employment in Jordan. Israel's cable television company HOT, satellite television provider (DBS) Yes, AM and FM radio broadcast stations and public television broadcast stations all operate. [16], In 1967, Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan in the Six-Day War. In addition, around 10,000 Palestinian traders from the West Bank were allowed to travel every day into Israel. However, the "Road Map" states that in the first phase, Palestinians must end all attacks on Israel, whereas Israel must dismantle all outposts. The Jordan Valley and northern Dead Sea are considered strategically vital zones by Israel for security. [61], As of February 2020, 134 (69.4%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine[62] within the Palestinian territories, which are recognized by Israel to constitute a single territorial unit,[63][64] and of which the West Bank is the core of the would-be state.[65]. From 1517 through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank was under Ottoman rule as part of the provinces of Syria. George Washington University. The territory, excluding East Jerusalem, is also known within Israel by its biblical names, Judea and Samaria. The vast majority of the Barrier’s route is located within the West Bank, isolating Palestinian communities and farming land, and contributing to the fragmentation of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). The West Bank is further divided into 8 administrative regions: Menashe (Jenin area), HaBik'a (Jordan Valley), Shomron (Shechem area, known in Arabic as Nablus), Efrayim (Tulkarm area), Binyamin (Ramallah/al-Bireh area), Maccabim (Maccabim area), Etzion (Bethlehem area) and Yehuda (Hebron area). [168] In the West Bank, only 13,000 out of 85,000 m³ of wastewater were treated in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in Hebron, Jenin, Ramallah, Tulkarem and Al-Bireh. [184] The West Bank Palestinians themselves have difficulties in accessing the territory for recreation. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}32°00′N 35°23′E / 32.000°N 35.383°E / 32.000; 35.383. According to Mansour, the population stood at 803,600, "In fact, Dayan had submitted his own secret plan. The European company obtained a concession and license to harvest stone, whereas Israel refuses permits for most of the roughly 40 Beit Fajar quarries, or nearly any other Palestinian-owned quarry in the West Bank under Israeli administration. [2] As of July 2017[update] it has an estimated population of 2,747,943 Palestinians,[2] and approximately 391,000 Israeli settlers,[2] and approximately another 201,200 Israeli settlers in East Jerusalem. [23] The tourism industry also played an important role. Obstacles placed in the way of Palestinian-managed tourism down to 1995 included withholding licenses from tour guides, and hotels, for construction or renovation, and control of airports and highways, enabling Israel to develop a virtual monopoly on tourism. [209] The given aim was said to be to afford protection to settlers from Palestinian sniping, bombing, and drive-by shootings. Allenby Bridge, or ‘King Hussein Bridge’, is the main port for the Palestinian in the West Bank to the Jordanian borders. The total length of the land boundaries of the region are 404 kilometres (251 miles). [50], From 1517 to 1917 the West Bank was part of the Ottoman Empire. [158] Palestinians are restricted to 3 landfills, and permits for more have been denied unless the sites can be used to dump settlement garbage. Although permanent residents are permitted, if they wish, to receive Israeli citizenship if they meet certain conditions including swearing allegiance to the State and renouncing any other citizenship, most Palestinians did not apply for Israeli citizenship for political reasons. [191] The Israeli Civil Administration put the number of Palestinians in the West Bank at 2,657,029 as of May 2012. Even if a permit is given without this agreement, settler waste under military escort is still dumped there. Um Fuad, a 45-year-old registered Palestine refugee, lives with her husband and four children in Wadi al Khazrak in the northern Jenin governorate. The United States State Department also refers to the territories as occupied. [117] According to reports on Israel Radio, the development is a response to the 2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers.[117]. [219], Transportation infrastructure is particularly problematic as Palestinian use of roads in Area C is highly restricted, and travel times can be inordinate; the Palestinian Authority has also been unable to develop roads, airports or railways in or through Area C,[220] while many other roads were restricted only to public transportation and to Palestinians who have special permits from Israeli authorities. The infrastructure, consisting of settlements, the barrier, military bases and closed military areas, Israeli declared nature reserves and the roads that accompany them is off-limits or tightly controlled to Palestinians. According to a Birzeit University study, the percentage of Palestinians choosing local universities as opposed to foreign institutions has been steadily increasing; as of 1997, 41% of Palestinians with bachelor's degrees had obtained them from Palestinian institutions. ", " With Palestinian traffic banned from all the main and secondary roads, clusters of yellow group taxis gather at each such barrier, and groups of people trying to get to work, school, clinics, universities, relatives houses, or markets clamber up and down sand embankments or across ditches to circumvent concrete slabs and soldiers, who sometimes shoot at them.". Beyond Borders Tours offers a wide variety of private day tours throughout the West Bank; Ramallah Tour, Bethlehem Tour, Hebron Tour, Nablus Tour, Jericho Tour and will gladly custom design a program to meet your interests and ensure providing you with the most exclusive and exceptional Tours. The key Palestinian towns in the West Bank for tourism are East Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Jericho. Palestinian refugees constituted more than a third of the kingdom's population of 1.5 million. Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu's pledge to annex the eastern portion of the West Bank known as the Jordan Valley could upend the quest for peace in the region. Of the gates erected at village entrances, 59 were always closed. Palestinian public opinion opposes Israeli military and settler presence on the West Bank as a violation of their right to statehood and sovereignty. Immediately after the occupation, from 1967 to 1974, the economy boomed. It is mostly used as permanent pastures (32% of arable land) and seasonal agricultural uses (40%). [161][162][163] At least 15 waste treatment plants operate in the West Bank and most of the waste they process is brought over from within the Green line inside Israel proper. [153] Palestinian towns like Salfit have been deeply affected by sewage overflow channeled past the town from the settlement of Ariel. [225] Underpasses and bridges (28 of which have been constructed and 16 of which are planned) link Palestinian areas separated from each other by Israeli settlements and bypass roads"[226], Israeli restrictions were tightened in 2007. The barrier generally runs along or near the 1949 Jordanian-Israeli armistice/Green Line, but diverges in many places to include on the Israeli side several of the highly populated areas of Jewish settlements in the West Bank such as East Jerusalem, Ariel, Gush Etzion, Immanuel, Karnei Shomron, Givat Ze'ev, Oranit, and Maale Adumim. [2][189] However, the World Bank and American-Israeli Demographic Research Group identified a 32% discrepancy between first-grade enrollment statistics documented by the Palestinian Ministry of Education and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS)’ 2007 projections,[190] with questions also raised about the PCBS’ growth assumptions for the period 1997–2003. Modi'in Illit, Qalqilyah and Tulkarm are in the low foothills adjacent to the Israeli Coastal Plain, and Jericho and Tubas are situated in the Jordan Valley, north of the Dead Sea. The Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture expects a total of 13,000 tons of olive oil (including some 1,500 tons in the Gaza Strip), which represents a more than 55 per cent decrease compared with 2019. [158], Israel has been accused of engaging in ‘warfare ecology’ in the West Bank. It and Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations were the basic documents upon which the British Mandate for Palestine was constructed. The Israeli occupation has wrought a profound change in Palestinian identity, which clings to a sense of a "paradise lost" before the changes brought out by the 1967 conquest.[182][g]. [212] [9][58], The executive branch of the Israeli government, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has defined the West Bank as “disputed” instead of “occupied” territory, whose status can only be determined through negotiations. of Texas, Austin), Map of Israel 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. The "West Bank" name was given to the territory after it was captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War because it sits on the west side of the Jordan river. Gibney, Mark and Frankowski, Stanislaw (1999). Land for construction of Barrier sections inside the West Bank has been requisitioned from Palestinian landowners. Initial information emerging from the community indicates that hundreds of Israeli forces entered the community this morning and have demolished a number of residential buildings, including inhabited homes, located in Areas A, B and C of the West Bank on the East Jerusalem side of the Barrier. It was inaugurated on 11 December 2011 under the military order "175" entitled ‘An order concerning transition station’. The journalist Hamdi Faraj, jailed for endangering public order, had his 500-volume library confiscated, including copies of the Bible and Qur'an and, when he applied for their restitution, was told all the books had been accidentally burnt. Uncle of Julia James urges public to … The San Remo Resolution adopted on 25 April 1920 incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. [70] In May 2011 US President Barack Obama officially stated US support for a future Palestinian state based on borders prior to the 1967 War, allowing for land swaps where they are mutually agreeable between the two sides. The most densely populated part of the region is a mountainous spine, running north–south, where the cities of Jerusalem, Nablus, Ramallah, al-Bireh, Jenin, Bethlehem, Hebron and Yattah are located as well as the Israeli settlements of Ariel, Ma'ale Adumim and Beitar Illit. Typical of these is UN Security Council resolution 446 which states [the] practices of Israel in establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967 have no legal validity, and it calls on Israel as the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention. [159] In response to local opposition in Israel to waste treatment plants and the high cost of meeting stringent environment laws in that country. [47] Israeli milk producers exerted pressure on the Ministry for Industry and Trade to stop the establishment of a competitive dairy in Ramallah. It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that seems to be incorrect; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261–263. This has been attributed to the alternate fruit-bearing “on and off seasons”, coupled with poor rainfall distribution and temperature extremes during the growing cycle. 60% of their production is sold in the EU market. named Bab al-Krama[126], The Israeli West Bank barrier is a physical barrier ordered for construction by the Israeli Government, consisting of a network of fences with vehicle-barrier trenches surrounded by an on average 60 meters (197 ft) wide exclusion area (90%) and up to 8 meters (26 ft) high concrete walls (10%) (although in most areas the wall is not nearly that high). In the West Bank and the Jordan Valley, the state of Israel has three principal interests: defensible borders, space for the development of Israel beyond the narrow coastal strip where 80 percent of today’s industrial, technological, and population infrastructure is concentrated, and a link with Jewish history and heritage that is embodied in landscapes harking back to biblical times. These regulations reflect customary international law. For other uses, see, Israeli Military Governorate and Civil Administration. Near Ramallah the new city of Rawabi is under construction. Later, Order ‘446’ was issued which annexed the Damia Bridge crossing point to the Allenby Bridge as a commercial crossing point only. Israel at times insisted its approval was conditional on linking the grid to Israeli settlements, which neither the donors nor Palestinians accepted. Retrieved 21 December 2010. [44] Remittances from labourers earning a wage in Israel were the major factor in Palestinian economic growth during the 1969–73 boom years,[45] but the migration of workers from the territories had a negative impact on local industry by creating an internal labour scarcity in the West Bank and consequent pressure for higher wages there;[46] the contrast between the quality of their lives and Israelis' growing prosperity stoked resentment. [93] There are various possible reasons as to why the West Bank had not been annexed to Israel after its capture in 1967. Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority officially controls a geographically non-contiguous territory comprising approximately 11% of the West Bank (known as Area A) which remains subject to Israeli incursions. Were Israel to permit a parallel development of this Palestinian sector, the World Bank estimates that 2,900 jobs would be added, allowing the Palestinian economy a potential value-added input of something like $126 million annually. Approximately 300,000 Palestinians that live in small dispersed communities in the West Bank, Palestine, face barriers to accessing healthcare. The International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court of Israel have ruled that the status of the West Bank is that of military occupation. As of April 2006 the length of the barrier as approved by the Israeli government is 703 kilometers (437 mi) long. [52] In 1947 the UN General Assembly recommended that the area that became the West Bank become part of a future Arab state, but this proposal was opposed by the Arab states at the time. The West Bank network would include one line running through Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Ma'aleh Adumim, Bethlehem and Hebron. Area C contains all the Israeli settlements (excluding settlements in East Jerusalem), roads used to access the settlements, buffer zones (near settlements, roads, strategic areas, and Israel), and almost all of the Jordan Valley and the Judean Desert. [40] Ian Lustick states that Israel "virtually prevented" Palestinian investment in local industry and agriculture. It is therefore not clear why persons like. Among those forcibly displaced or otherwise impacted are Palestine refugees, some of whom today are facing the reality of a second displacement in living memory. [197], In 2008, approximately 30% of Palestinians or 754,263 persons living in the West Bank were refugees or descendants of refugees from villages and towns located in what became Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, according to UNRWA statistics.
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