Iraq and Lebanon Protests. [156][157] Iran took the opposite approach in the hope of taking advantage of regional instability by expanding its presence in the Shia crescent and creating a land corridor of influence stretching from Iraq to Lebanon, done in part by supporting Shia militias in the war against ISIL. [169][170], On 2 January 2016, 47 people were put to death in several Saudi cities, including prominent Shiite cleric Nimr al-Nimr. Since the 1980s, Pakistan has been dealing with sporadic sectarian conflict, and the Muslim population is predominantly Sunni with about 10-15% Shia adherents. The Arab Spring in 2011 destabilized three major regional actors, Iraq, Syria and Egypt, creating a power void. Interests Section of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the United States, Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans, Organization of Iranian American Communities, United States involvement in regime change, United States and state-sponsored terrorism, Opposition to military action against Iran, 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists, Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting, 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes, Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present), Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present), Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015), India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018), Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present), FULRO insurgency against Vietnam (1964–92), List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict&oldid=1022431522, Conflicts involving the People's Mujahedin of Iran, Foreign intervention in the First Libyan Civil War, Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 May 2021, at 13:40. Although it has traditionally stayed out of the conflict despite relying on the region for oil, China has recently played both sides, and has had ties with Tehran for years. Trump did the right thing breaking off with Iran because of its ongoing proxy wars with Saudi Arabia and Israel. [251][252] Serbia, a major ally of Russia, and Kosovo, following the normalization agreements in 2020 (in which Russia supported), also designated Hezbollah as a terrorist group as a result of a US brokered deal. The decade-long Houthi insurgency in Yemen stoked tensions with Iran, with accusations of covert support for the rebels. During the subsequent crackdown the Saudi government demolished several historical sites and many other buildings and houses in Qatif. Any political gains by the Shia in Bahrain are seen by the Saudis as gains for Iran.[326]. The American-led invasion in 2003 caused a power vacuum in the region. ", "Qatar and Its Neighbors Have Been At Odds Since the Arab Spring", "Arab nations cut ties with Qatar in new Mideast crisis", "Yemen cuts diplomatic ties with Qatar: state news agency", "Qatar row: Saudi and Egypt among countries to cut Doha links", "Defense minister: Blockade of Qatar a 'declaration of war, "Qatar: 'We can defend our currency and the economy, "Demands by Saudi-led Arab states for Qatar include shuttering Al Jazeera", "Why Saudi Arabia hates Al Jazeera so much", "Saudi-led group: Qatar not serious about demands", "Saudi-led group vows 'appropriate' measures", "Qatar To Reinstate Ambassador To Iran Amid Gulf Crisis", "Syrian conflict: Russian bombers use Iran bases for air strikes", "Iraq agrees to share intelligence with Russia, Iran and Syria", "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into a Proxy War With Russia", "John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria", "U.S. vs. Russia: What a war would look like between the world's most fearsome militaries", "Growing ties with Russia could strain Saudi-US relations", "The Arab Connection to Chechen Conflict | YaleGlobal Online", "Saudi king's visit to Russia heralds shift in global power structures", "Revealed: Saudi's MBS pushed Russia to intervene in Syria conflict, despite supporting opposition", "Le Monde: Saudi Arabia funds Russian mercenaries in Libya | The Libya Observer", "Report: Russia, Israel, Jordan and Saudis to Cooperate on Limiting Iran After Syria Withdrawal", "Tensions Grow Between Russia, Iran in Syria | Voice of America - English", "Warsaw summit: Why Iran is the elephant in the room", "Warsaw Middle East conference: A bid to isolate Iran? [260], Qatar–Saudi Arabia relations have been strained since the beginning of the Arab Spring. Both had been heavily affected by the collapse of oil prices and considered the possibility of an OPEC freeze on oil output. A 2015 UN report alleged that Iran provided the Houthi rebels with money, training, and arms shipments beginning in 2009. [281][282] In addition, Saudi Arabia and Russia are also becoming more antagonistic to Iranian ambitions in the Middle East, as revealed by their secret cooperation alongside Israel and Jordan against Iran. Iran also backs pro-Assad Hezbollah fighters. [248] Historically, Morocco's relations with Iran have been adverse. U.S. Leaves Iran Deal, Violates World Order and Risks War, Experts Say", "U.S. to Restore Sanctions on Iran, Deepening Divide With Europe", "Trump seeks to revive 'Arab NATO' to confront Iran", "Why the case of a missing journalist is prompting international backlash against Saudi Arabia", "Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing with Saudi Arabia", "Senate rebukes Trump, Saudi Arabia over Khashoggi, Yemen war", "Saudi oil tankers among those attacked off UAE amid Iran tensions", "Tankers struck near Strait of Hormuz; US blames Iran", "Iran Says It Wants Good Relations With Saudi Arabia, U.A.E. [295] However, Pakistan has refrained from criticizing Iran, but rather seeks to preserve the relations, given its long historical relationship with Iran. Iran’s Proxy Wars: Iraq, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories/Gaza, Syria, Yemen. “Hezbollah is the proxy of Iran in the region. [259], However, the growing Turkish military, political and economic expansions have not left without fear from the Saudi and Iranian side altogether. [142] There were a number of proxy forces—most notably the People's Mujahedin of Iran siding with Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdish militias of the KDP and PUK siding with Iran. He was a mastermind of the killing of thousands in Syria, Yemen and Lebanon. [297] However, Iran has accused Pakistan of not doing enough in Balochistan. [121][126][127] Iran is largely Shia Muslim, while Saudi Arabia sees itself as the leading Sunni Muslim power.[128]. In 1988 — at the behest of Iran — Hezbollah operatives kidnapped, tortured and killed Marine Corps Lt. Col. Rich Higgins, an unarmed U.N. observer, who was serving as the commander of the U.N. Observer Group in Lebanon (OGL). [314], Following the United States withdrawal from Iraq in December 2011, the country drifted further into Iran's sphere of influence. ", "Poland must deal with consequences of Middle East conference - Iran", "China May Be the Biggest Winner of All If Assad Takes Over Syria", "Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era", "Oman Balances Between Iran and Saudi Arabia", "The Saudi-Iran Factor in Pakistan's Sunni-Shia Conflict", "Why are Pakistani Shiites 'disappearing'? Qassim al-Muamen (Leader of Al-Ashtar Brigades)[88] [200] In August 2015, authorities in Bahrain arrested five suspects over a bombing in Sitra. [100][164], The 2015 Mina stampede in Mecca during the annual Hajj pilgrimage further inflamed tensions. [179][180] In what was seen as a significant compromise, Saudi Arabia offered to reduce its oil production if Iran capped its own output by the end of 2016. Iran feared the return of economic isolation, and President Hassan Rouhani made efforts to establish further international economic participation for the country by signing oil deals with Western companies before Trump took office. While the majority of Muslims in Bahrain are Shia, the country is ruled by the Sunni Al Khalifa family - who are widely viewed as being subservient to the Saudi government. F. FranekPL123. [163] The conflict also shares similarities with the Arab Cold War between Egypt and Saudi Arabia in the 1950s and 1960s. During the Afghan Civil War, Iran and Saudi Arabia supported opposing militant factions. All that has changed. [76], MEK, a long existing rebel Iranian group has received an increasing support from Saudi Arabia. ", "Sectarian Rise in Pakistan: Role of Saudi Arabia and Iran", "Afghanistan stuck between Iran and Saudi Arabia", "How far does Saudi Arabia's influence go? Riyadh supported the Bush administration's commitment to stay in the country, as it limited Iran's influence. Soleimani was not alone in being targeted this month. [352] In 2003, The Washington Times reported that Pakistan and Saudi Arabia had entered a secret agreement on nuclear cooperation to provide the Saudis with nuclear weapons technology in return for access to cheap oil for Pakistan. The events surrounding Soleimani’s killing represent sea change in U.S. policy toward state-sponsored terror and a blow to the entire system through with which Iran exports its poisonous influence internationally. Americans eager for ‘revenge travel’ battered by speed bumps. [299] In 2014, with no end in sight to the conflict, Iran increased its ground support for the Syrian Army, providing elite forces, intelligence gathering, and training. [329], Following the onset of the Arab Winter, Bahrain accused Iran of orchestrating several domestic incidents as part of a campaign to destabilize the country. Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman called it "direct military aggression by the Iranian regime" and said that it "may be considered an act of war against the kingdom". Is Dr. Fauci the ‘Father of the Pandemic?’. [74] In 2015 Saudi Arabia formed the intergovernmental Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT) in December 2015 with the stated goal of combating terrorism. The United States' defense of Saddam and its role in blocking investigations into Iraq's use of chemical weapons on Iranian soldiers and civilians convinced Iran to further pursue its own unconventional weapons program. Quiz: Who played these historical figures in biographical films? [358], Indirect conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia, Middle East, Muslim areas of Africa (mainly Nigeria), Central Asia, and South Asia (mainly Afghanistan and Pakistan, (Until 2017, Still supports foreign policy), Syrian War spillover and international incidents, 2016 Saudi executions and attack on Saudi mission in Iran, Nuclear programs of Iran and Saudi Arabia, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, President of the People's Republic of China, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Pakistan's position in the Syrian civil war, Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism, strengthened economic and security cooperation, 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran, Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Arab states–Israeli alliance against Iran, United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Houthi insurgency in Yemen § Alleged foreign involvement, Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present), Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain, Pakistan Armed Forces deployments in Saudi Arabia, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, International Maritime Security Construct, "Meet the Proxies: How Iran Spreads Its Empire through Terrorist Militias", "Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Conflict: Shia Province as Casus Belli? The foreign employees Saudi oil industry from Pakistan plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economic stability who sends large remittances back home. He stated that Iran deserved the opportunity to reach its pre-sanction levels of output. Saddam had reportedly secured Saudi support for Iraq's war effort during an August 1980 visit he made to Saudi Arabia. Bahrain also blamed a 10 November explosion on its main oil pipeline on Iran. ", "Saudi Shi'ites: New light on an old divide", "Iran Sent Them to Syria. Tehran denied all allegations and accused the government of Bahrain of blaming its own internal problems on Iran after every incident. It is small wonder that crowds celebrating his death in neighboring Middle-Eastern countries outnumbered substantially those Iranian-sponsored crowds which mourned his passing. Dave Chappelle blasts 'woke' culture: You can't 'nag people into behaving' [183], The election of Donald Trump in the United States in 2016 prompted uncertainty from both countries about future US policy in the Middle East, as both were targets of criticism during his campaign. As the world’s attention is increasingly focused on Iranian aggression in the Persian Gulf, it’s essential to look at the civil war in Yemen, a battlefield in the proxy fight between the U.S. and Iran. Hezbollah The attack knocked out half of the country's oil supply. ", "A talk with Peninsula Shield force commander Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima", "Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest", "Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War", "Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria", "Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks", "Heading Toward a Collision: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Regional Proxy Wars", "Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis", "The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry", "Qatar's Crisis With Saudi Arabia And Gulf Neighbors Has Decades-Long Roots", "Why Is Pakistan Interested in Brokering Peace Between Iran and Saudi Arabia? During the Cold War, Saudi Arabia funded extremist militants in part to bolster resistance to the Soviet Union at the behest of the United States, and later to combat Shia movements supported by Iran. By Henry Johnson. The Bahraini government publicly blamed Iran for the protests, but an independent commission established by King Hamad rejected the claim, instead highlighting human rights abuses committed in the crackdown. A noteworthy point in this conflict is that Iran has very positive relations with numerous Arab countries such as Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Algeria and Tunisia. After eight years, war-weariness, economic problems, decreased morale, repeated Iranian military failures, recent Iraqi successes, Iraqi use of weapons of mass destruction, lack of international sympathy, and increased U.S.–Iran military tension all led to a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations. [265] Qatar's defense minister Khalid bin Mohammed Al Attiyah called the blockade akin to a bloodless declaration of war, and Qatar's finance minister Ali Sharif Al Emadi stated that Qatar was rich enough to withstand the blockade. Nouri al-Maliki (Secretary-General of Islamic Dawa Party)[84] Mohammad Ali Jafari (2007–19)(Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps)[85][86][87] [312], Saudi Arabia remained more passive during the occupation of Iraq, taking caution to preserve its relations with the United States by avoiding any direct support of Sunni insurgent groups. Our nation is resilient enough to take a punch. Links North Korea to Syria's Chemical Weapons Program (Published 2018)", "Egypt shifts to open support for Assad regime in Syrian civil war", "Syrian crisis: Pakistan against any attempt to topple Bashar al-Assad", "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria", "Trump ends CIA arms support for anti-Assad Syria rebels: U.S. officials", "Russian PMCs in Yemen: Kremlin-Style 'Security Export' in Action? ", "Saudi-Iran power struggle to fill void in Lebanon", "Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity", "Iran and Saudi Arabia: Divisions, proxy wars and chaos in the Middle East", "Saudi Arabia Stymies U.S. Over Pakistan Terror List", "Saudi nuclear weapons 'on order' from Pakistan", "Examining Saudi-Pakistani ties in changing geopolitics", "Iran manipulates Pakistani Shia to satisfy 'nefarious' geopolitical agenda", "Pakistani pilgrims are being recruited into Iran's mercenary groups", "Iran recruits Pakistani Shias for combat in Syria - The Express Tribune", "Iran recruits Afghan and Pakistani Shias to fight in Syria - Dhaka Tribune", "Pakistan, Saudi Arabia in secret nuke pact: Islamabad trades weapons technology for oil", "Iran deal reached, Obama hails step towards 'more hopeful world, "Saudi crown prince: If Iran develops nuclear bomb, so will we", "Netanyahu: Iran Nuclear Deal Is Based on Lies – Here's the Proof", "In Case Of US Withdrawal Iran Will Stay In Nuclear Deal, If Others Also Stay", Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tehran, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231, Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition, Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush, Prisoner exchanges between Iran and United States, U.S. raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil, 2009–11 detention of American hikers by Iran, Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran), Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States), 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone, December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria, Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad, United States threat for destruction of Iranian cultural sites, 2020 Iranian attack on U.S. forces in Iraq, February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria, Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act, Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act, United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran. That same day a few protesters would eventually ransack the Saudi Embassy in Tehran and later set it ablaze. "[342], At home, the Pakistani lawmakers have been leveled accusations at Iran of influencing Pakistani Shias to act as proxies to further Iranian interests in Pakistan. [305] However, the degree of support has been subject to debate, and accusations of greater involvement have been denied by Iran. March 11, 2019. Syria under Bashar al-Assad has been a strategic ally to both Iranian and Russian interests. [323], Saudi Arabia and Iran have sought to extend their influence in Bahrain for decades. Syriac Military Council[39], Supreme Political Council HouthisAhrar al-Najran (allegedly) Russian mercenaries[50][51], UAE Bahrain[28] Kuwait[28] Qatar[28](until 5 June 2017) Jordan[28] Djibouti[28] Egypt[28] Senegal[59] United States[60][61] Pakistan[28][62] United Kingdom[63] Al-Qaeda[64][65][66] Academi Mercenaries[67][68], Ali Khamenei(Supreme Leader of Iran) Hassan Rouhani(President of Iran) Esmail Ghaani(Quds Force commander) Vladimir Putin(President and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) Mikhail Mishustin(Prime Minister of Russia) Valentina Matviyenko(Chairman of the Federation Council) Sergey Shoygu(Minister of Defence of Russia) Valery Gerasimov(Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) Nikol Pashinyan (Prime Minister of Armenia) Arayik Harutyunyan (President of Artsakh) Bashar al-Assad(President of Syria) Hassan Nasrallah(Secretary-General of Hezbollah) Xi Jinping(President of the People's Republic of China) Kim Jong-un(Supreme Leader of North Korea) Brahim Ghali(President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) Hadi Al-Amiri(Leader of the Badr Organization) Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi(Leader of Ansar Allah) [224] Saudi Arabia and the US were reportedly investigating whether the attacks involved cruise missiles launched from Iran or Iraq. They also demanded that Qatar be forbidden from granting citizenship to any additional fugitives. Iran’s most prominent military leader has recently met Iraqi militias in Baghdad and told them to “prepare for proxy war”, the Guardian has learned.
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