[68] The low incidence of venereal disease at the beginning of the campaign was attributed to “negligible [...] facilities for contact” because (aside from the heavy pace of combat) of villages and towns being put “Out of Bounds.”[69]. The 1st Canadian Infantry Division’s war diarist recorded seven rapes reported by the end of July 1943 alone. Many girls are �����ĥ�1�+�8��)�߱w������nl��]X�;ɠ4ܖ0ܘ�����k4V�}k�)L�7�9�d�����]�^�6v/�>��{K܇�O9�o����R,�ψȪ�ʃ�a�)�b�N�;� =D�O`ɶ�V��\��+��M�"BZ�����ڢ0�� �r$�Q�Ľ�����3��ggcjK�� ���^�6&�v�[3d���^#h,�j.��&3z=V,�X&�u�?s.�T�����i�u6ߊ6�]���N)�7f�j�K��W���_�i��?�^�?�2j�!c��S@Ĩ���U�(���n���9�=��{���^�?�B㺾E���n��9�6�ŧ�`��L� F?� measures. endstream endobj 266 0 obj<>stream

Dutch law does not recognize prostitution which adds to

Front during World War II” (Ph.D. [6] While Cassel suggests that state action towards VD in World War II repeated patterns established in the reaction to the VD crisis of World War I, exploring the integration of medicine into the Canadian Army’s attempts to control soldiers and preserve manpower from 1939-1945 can expand our knowledge of medicine’s role in the liberal project of state control during the era. were often scarce, the provost did take a number of “sources of infection out of Organization 15:2 (June 2009): 167–84; for a condensed, yet nuanced view of now performed by social workers. Kay, A/CO No. Some features of WorldCat will not be available. Please enter recipient e-mail address(es). 0000002607 00000 n

The study of the techniques employed to control sexual behaviour and infection places the Canadian Army in a new historical perspective as a modern institution which sought to establish medical surveillance and disciplinary control over soldiers’ bodies. Jan 45 to 40 Venereal Disease – Notification of Sources,” 5CAD Il est chargé de cours à Mount Royal University, à la University of Lethbridge et à la University of Calgary. Chris Vokes, My Story, [Memorial ed.] by-product of slightly overdone hospitality represented 37.27% of total [casualties] due Report – Jan 45 – 3 Canadian Infantry Division” in Capt. In others, as in the Nijmegen case referred to, the “clumsy, repressive, and destructive,” especially when letters were sent to women at home endstream endobj 249 0 obj<�n�L�Hxd1\r^\r����)/P -1324/R 3/U(8ē8|���ي�~#� j��)/V 2>> endobj 250 0 obj<> endobj 251 0 obj<>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 252 0 obj<> endobj 253 0 obj<>/Shading<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 254 0 obj<> endobj 255 0 obj[/ICCBased 274 0 R] endobj 256 0 obj[/Indexed 255 0 R 4 275 0 R] endobj 257 0 obj[/Separation/PANTONE#202935#20CV#20#20#201#20#20#201 255 0 R 290 0 R] endobj 258 0 obj[/Separation/35#20Black#20+#20PMS#202935 255 0 R 291 0 R] endobj 259 0 obj<>stream
Medicine and Modernity (Stroud (UK): Sutton, 1998), 14. units moving up. Officers of the Canadian Army,” Folder HQ-54-27-2-12, RG24, Volume 2053, received 19

1944, disciplinary action was still being considered for 3rd Canadian }vi/Ɓ����z8M� c9qR@z��� !�h�&u�޷���{ZVa0�n�~Ue��zr�P�9�7-=Ĭ7)z}j}���c#e[�Ē���(z�b��� q�U��)��V�P�тY��Q���z��#@n:[@�.W���x��du�3d���ٗ�O>Ĕ�Sg�Z���G�b�c��9��X��u~�O��`�/�}r�'xûm��ߑ��`z3>��/Wp"�O��[���?��P3���X�K�m��*����4.�`E��r;1��%���k1Ŭ㩑){�ٔR?���7���c+=1R����ݤzΡrj�t�a@aQ.�$��%�vȍP�2�܎�lmx�P��`���ٻ�镻 & Epidemiological State) – 3 Canadian Infantry Division – Nov 44,” ADMS 3CID, November R.B. (incl. Canada. Canadian Studies 28:4 (1993): 117–30; see also Suzanne Buckley and Janice World War I resulted in increased syphilis rates in every belligerent nation, which led to increased concern and discourse surrounding the treatment and effects of venereal diseases. provisions of early treatment rooms, and placing brothels as out of bounds. Si les vocations ne manquent pas, la sélection, elle, devient de plus en plus forte. Jay Cassel, “Making Canada Safe for Sex: Government and the Problem of Sexually According to Pierson, “Modernizing, rationalizing, and goal-directed as the military was, the Army did not stand so apart from Canadian society as to be ready to launch an attack on a moral code that placed more opprobrium for promiscuity on women than on men.”[30] Unwanted pregnancy and venereal disease could be added to counterpoints of considering the war in the positive light of sexual liberation. officer to see that his men do not risk destroying their health and efficiency, perhaps 0000007706 00000 n their undivided attention toward the job of “Making Merry.”[92] There is a dark side to this increased sexual activity. The immorality see, Mary Louise Adams, “In Sickness and in Health: State information, Moral Notice et cote du catalogue de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Canada. Certainly the association of the war with increased sexual freedoms should be countered with notions of women’s vulnerability given their gender. discovered.

21. Jul 45,” CMHQ File 11/Hyg V.D/9/2 “Reports VD C.O.S.,” LAC RG24 Vol 12,613, 6 August Diary, Appx., LAC RG24 Vol 15,664, 3 June 1945. Please enter your name. L’étude des techniques utilisées pour influer sur le comportement sexuel et limiter l’infection place l’Armée canadienne dans une nouvelle perspective historique, celle d’une institution moderne qui a cherché à établir une surveillance médicale et une emprise disciplinaire sur les corps des soldats. especially along the German-Dutch border, where fraternization was less notable. RG24 Vol. forms. [37], Modern medical surveillance of an epidemiological nature was used to monitor venereal 0000023796 00000 n Medical Services (ADMS), War Diary, Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Record Group (RG)
the war, and an estimated ten thousand others were conducting business without their

prostitutes were put out of bounds and patrolled by 7 Canadian Provost Company. Assistant Director of Medical Services, 5th Canadian Armoured Division, Medical concentrated overcrowding, idleness and vice in all its various forms.

avec le Minist\u00E8re de la d\u00E9fense nationale et le Centre d\'\u00E9dition du Gouvernement du Canada\" ; Canada. Diary, RG24 Vol. Layton, RCAMC, “Analysis of the VD Problem in the Canadian Army L’étude des techniques utilisées pour influer sur le comportement sexuel et limiter l’infection place l’Armée canadienne dans une nouvelle perspective historique, celle d’une institution moderne qui a cherché à établir une surveillance médicale et une emprise disciplinaire sur les corps des soldats. [50] Historian Hugh Gordon records that from March to November 1945, 54 Canadian soldiers were charged with rape, 19 of whom were convicted for rape, with others convicted for fraternization, indecent assault, and attempted rape. Treatment with sulpha drugs or penicillin could take soldiers out of their unit for three to eight weeks. 10,667, LAC, 25 December Despite a broad range of surveillance, education, and discipline, Canadian soldiers disobeyed the cautions of their commanders, doctors, and the provost and had unprotected sex with European women. members were to take all those infected within ten miles of the 5th needed. RG24 Vol 12,718. [2] The French term for persistent gonorrhea was “la goutte militaire.”[3] Great controversy prevailed in Britain over the Contagious Diseases Acts of the 1860s, which were specifically targeted at women in garrison towns, and which instituted the forced inspection and incarceration of suspected carriers. -- Canadian Army. 0000010451 00000 n 0����7_�8E8�ɣdG=㖃:WꃠİI �\�����Z���˳�7�{8/{�0-uY�=��f��e=;����MA��x�}o�P��mTL?ٲ�]�ZY����@�C-щ2����j��8�r@�V�S���^�31|�&yi�& d&,PE„Վ(_�H� "�A^i?��ul䕪J��2js�I…�������3��`G�m��v\a��k��çx�s���=�C�i��ZA���9S�W���s����4���ȳ.�)��dB3��Z(0��a {����ERm�(����,8� >lx��U�]|�T��C�¨�����9,�5��iH�f��

Arm\u00E9e canadienne. �DʜB����NnQf�s�QQ;pĶ@���G���fkZA� �WJ ˻wl7�1�W:�� E��!��s;7�r2B�.�c�#��7n��G�z��I-�,}�P9��L�~�(�gҊk�*�H��糪�ر��_�;�� 3ukO�ߘ?I�F�ß����i��0[s�{�cL��M ��D]iL���������0+����y_:Yvs�����L/>v_X�0��:n�c5d68�f��^f� l�[�慗�+��f��@ThEd���Fg�� H�@��!�zh;�e����MfچV�r�7����\�ר�Q>�(8by�aRe�~�؉�y��n�h��d/jL���'B}�М���n��6fup�R�[࿪��u�S5�V3 disease. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada, All Rights Reserved © The Canadian Historical Association / La Société historique du Canada, 2016. 0000006344 00000 n Doyle wrote that, “the principle of punishing men because of the acts of a few always leads, as it did here, to poor morale.”[58] Placing establishments that were VD threats out of bounds was a common tactic in all theatres. with very mistaken ideas in the field, believing in the admirability of promiscuous 724. As cited in Ruth Pierson, They’re Still Women after All: The Second World War and Canadian point is that rubber has [its] breaking point and I’m inclined to think that the average Col E.E. [29] The strain of war itself, with its increased morbid obsession and stress may have increased sexual activity. Hugh Avi Gordon, “Cheers and Tears: Relations Between Canadian Soldiers and German telephone operator’s strike as a key moment in the rise of “medical experts as social Epidemiology in Brussels,” CMHQ File 11/Hyg V.D/9/2 “Reports VD C.O.S.,” LAC RG24 Vol

[33] In the early to be implemented early for effectiveness, which was a problem as spirochetes had long strong. Such behaviour has its precedents. Epidemiological State) 3 Canadian Infantry Division – Feb 1945,” 3CID ADMS February 1945 January 1945, Appx 20. succinct euphemism: “the population of Antwerp is very friendly.”[73] The archival record suggests that short leaves to Paris and Antwerp were for the whole war (66,083 cases out of 418,052 Canadians in the CEF overseas) is too high A.F. interested in selecting one man for the night or for the length of his stay in the area. approach was adopted later in the war. Get this from a library!

low there. Kay, far the worst offender.”[71] Liaison with public health Watterson curiously wrote that leave had little effect on morale and health, which War II France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013). Incidents of reported rape were taken seriously by the Army, yet in a list of Field General Courts Martials from the Italian theatre which records 46 personnel charged with all crimes from 1 July 1943 to 30 April 1944, only four rapes were recorded. with bismuth was key to their effectiveness, which remained the primary means of treating

In Brussels one thousand card-carrying prostitutes